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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">97</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:B5033382-9D21-53CE-B630-B4E3A1146D51</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Bulgarian Cardiology</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">Bulgarian Cardiology</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1310-7488</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2683-1015</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Bulgarian Society of Cardiology</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/bgcardio.28.e80076</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">80076</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>Cardiomyopathy (кардиомиопатии)</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiаc involvement by COVID-19 in children: retrospective analysis of 10 cases and literature review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Vassileva</surname>
            <given-names>Zornitsa</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">drvass@abv.bg</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-0242</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Kaneva</surname>
            <given-names>Anna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Dasheva</surname>
            <given-names>Anna</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-8653</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Genova</surname>
            <given-names>Kameliya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">National Cardiology Hosptial, Sofia, Bulgaria</addr-line>
        <institution>National Cardiology Hosptial</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Sofia</addr-line>
        <country>Bulgaria</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">National Cardiology Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria</addr-line>
        <institution>National Cardiology Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Sofia</addr-line>
        <country>Bulgaria</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Specialized Children’s Hospital “Prof. Ivan Mitev”, Sofia, Bulgaria</addr-line>
        <institution>Specialized Children’s Hospital “Prof. Ivan Mitev”</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Sofia</addr-line>
        <country>Bulgaria</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University Hospital “N. I. Pirogov”, Sofia, Bulgaria</addr-line>
        <institution>University Hospital “N. I. Pirogov”</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Sofia</addr-line>
        <country>Bulgaria</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Zornitsa Vassileva (<email xlink:type="simple">drvass@abv.bg</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: Rumen Marinov</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>28</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>63</fpage>
      <lpage>83</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/EA246710-C4D0-5E96-B17F-05D0396F1FD9">EA246710-C4D0-5E96-B17F-05D0396F1FD9</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Zornitsa Vassileva, Anna Kaneva, Anna Dasheva, Kameliya Genova</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Cardiac involvement by COVID-19 in children occurs most often as a part of the multisystem inﬂ ammatory syndrome by children (MIS-C) and rarely as an isolated ﬁ nding; affected children are predominantly older males. We present retrospective analysis data of 10 children with myocardial involvement within COVID-19, who were admitted at the Pediatric Cardiology Department of the National Heart Hospital – Soﬁ a. The main clinical symptoms were fever, heart failure, and gastrointestinal complaints, and the typical laboratory constellation included pronounced leukocytosis with extreme granulocytosis, signiﬁ cant elevation of inﬂ ammatory markers, increased serum troponin levels, and serologic evidence of contact with SARS-CoV2. Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly and pulmonary hypervolemia; ECG changes were diverse and included abnormal repolarization and rhythm and conduction disturbances. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular dilation with depressed contractility, and cardiac MRI demonstrated myocardial edema and necrosis. Following immunomodulatory treatment, rapid recovery was observed. However, in most cases, the MRI changes persisted 6 months after the onset of symptoms, which makes the long-term prognosis unclear. We have reviewed our results considering the recent publications in the international databases regarding cardiac involvement by COVID-19 in children.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
